All the programmes in the Department of Earth and Climate Sciences have a lot of interdisciplinary connections across the five themes and the social sciences as well as the arts and humanities. Those programmes that are primarily associated with this thematic area are listed below, and there are a number of research projects that are running under this thematic area. Further, some of the research in this thematic area is also linked to the Department of Earth and Climate Sciences’ two world renown research institutes – the Institute for Climate Change and Adaptation (icca.uonbi.ac.ke) and the Wangari Maathai Institute for Peace and Environmental Studies (wmi.uonbi.ac.ke).