All the programmes in the Department of Earth and Climate Sciences have a lot of interdisciplinary connections across the five themes and the social sciences as well as the arts and humanities. Those programmes that are primarily associated with this thematic area are listed below. This thematic area is also very strongly linked to the Department of Earth and Climate Sciences’ world renown research institute – the Institute for Climate Change and Adaptation (see icca.uonbi.ac.ke for research, outreach and partnership projects / collaborations that are being carried out in this institute).